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HI-LING

LINGUISTICS IN THE HIGH SCHOOL

UNIT 2: VIOLATION OF MAXIMS

Lesson 4: Language ideology

Language ideologies describe the collected values and attitudes of a person or a group of people, their perspective on language, the use of language and speakers respectively. Language ideology means ideology about language, not transmitted via language. They are morally and politically loaded representations of the nature, structure and use of languages in a social world.

Key Concepts

  • Standard Language Ideology

  • Accent and dialect

  • Language attitude

  • Language hierarchy

UNIT 1: What is a standard dialect? 

Almost every language has a standard and dialects. In school you learn standard English, either RP, which stands for Received Pronunciation and is British or SAE, which stands for Standard American English and is from the US. According to some sources there are about 160 dialects of English in the world. You might know that there is a difference between South African and Australian English, English in the south and the north of the US and of England as well. 

Most of us know what the standard should sound like because it is taught at school. Defining a standard language is a bit like drawing a unicorn. We know what it should look or sound like but that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s actually a “real” thing. Both unicorns and standard languages are imaginary and part of our shared cultural heritage. A standard is usually seen as the language of the educated. This creates a linguistic hierarchy. Anything different from the standard is called a non-standard accent, taken less seriously and sometimes even called “wrong”. People who don’t speak the standard of their native language are seen as less educated and therefore at a social and economic disadvantage. 

In small groups discuss the following questions:

Which accents do you perceive as pleasant or “ugly”? (In German, English or Italian) 

Why do you think that is? 

Would you trust/like a person more depending on how they speak? 

Would you presume they are smarter depending on how they speak?  

What do you think about the construct of standard language? 

How does it shape the way we think about language and accents? 

Activity 1: Discussing language ideology

Your opinion

UNIT 2: Consequences of Language Ideology

What are the consequences of language ideology then? Prejudices that lead to inequality. It doesn’t have a big impact if just one person thinks French accents are attractive or Chinese accents sound evil. These are examples of language attitude. It concerns an individual’s perception and judgment of language and its speakers. But if the media and other people share this opinion and spread it, it can become a general stereotype and induce prejudice. This is then a case of language ideology. It becomes a shared belief and cultural norm to think this way. Language ideologies and language attitudes influence and shape each other. With attractiveness there is no harm done but negative stereotypes can pose difficulties for the concerned group of people. If people speaking with a Brummie accent (spoken in Birmingham, England) are portrayed and perceived as speaking “badly” and lacking education, this can lead to discrimination on the job market for example. People with RP English will find a job more easily than people with a Brummie accent although they have the same qualifications. This is a serious consequence of language ideology. Language ideology can also have an influence on which languages are taught and reinforced at school. In the Kingdom of Tonga, an archipelago in Oceania, the local Tongan language and English are both taught at school. English is seen as a gateway to success since high school exams are in English and private schools privilege English. Tongan is seen as the cultural heritage of the people, a marker for their identity as Tongan. People who know English well are seen as educated and smart but also bullied for trying to become part of the elite. These ambivalent ideologies concerning English and Tongan are fascinating to observe and show how complicated and multilayered language ideology can be. 

Watch this extract of the TV series "American Dad".

1. What nationalities and accents do the characters have? 

2. What stereotypes are depicted? 

3. How is this an example of language ideology? 

Activity 2: Language ideology in the media 

Final thought for this lesson

In summary, language ideology is a crucial concept in sociolinguistics because it helps us understand how language is not just a neutral means of communication but also a vehicle for expressing social, cultural, and political values. We come across language ideology in our everyday lives, for example in films but also in conversations or the media. Why not try to be more aware of the language ideologies transmitted in the films, music and books you consume?

Further reading

Lippi-Green, R. (2012) English with an accent: Language, ideology and discrimination in the United States. London: Routledge.

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